Resilience refers to the ability of an individual, community, or system to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adverse conditions, challenges, or disruptions. It encompasses both psychological attributes, such as emotional strength and coping strategies, and physical or structural aspects, such as the robustness of materials or systems. In psychology, resilience is often associated with the capacity to bounce back from stress, trauma, or hardship, enabling individuals to maintain or regain mental health and well-being despite facing difficulties. In broader contexts, such as environmental science or engineering, resilience pertains to the capacity of ecosystems or infrastructures to endure shocks and stresses while continuing to function effectively. Overall, resilience highlights an inherent quality of flexibility, recovery, and growth in the face of challenges.
The Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake was a pivotal moment in Japan that catalyzed improvements in disaster preparedness and resilience. The 1998 Disaster Relief Act marked a significant policy shift, focusing on housing…